Core Concepts

Hardware:

  • The physical parts of a computer that you can touch.
  • Examples:
    • CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that processes instructions.
    • RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that helps the computer run multiple tasks smoothly.
    • Hard Drive/SSD (Solid State Drive): Long-term storage for files and applications.
    • Keyboard and Mouse: Input devices that help you interact with the computer.
    • Monitor: An output device that displays what the computer is doing.

Software:

  • The programs and operating systems that run on the hardware and tell it what to do.
  • Examples:
    • Operating Systems: Software that manages hardware and software resources (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
    • Applications: Programs designed for specific tasks (e.g., Microsoft Word for writing, Chrome for browsing the internet, games like Minecraft).

Binary and Data Representation

Binary Code:

  • The language computers use, made up of only 0s and 1s.
  • Why Binary? Computers use binary because it’s a simple and reliable way to represent data electronically.

Data Representation:

  • Numbers: Represented in binary using bits (e.g., the number 5 in binary is 101).
  • Text: Each character is represented by a binary code (e.g., the letter 'A' is 01000001 in ASCII).
  • Images: Pictures are broken down into tiny dots (pixels), each with a binary value representing its colour.
  • Sound: Audio files are represented as a series of binary numbers that describe the sound waves.

Algorithms

  • A set of step-by-step instructions to solve a problem or perform a task.
  • Why are they important? They help break down complex problems into manageable steps that a computer can follow.

Basic Principles:

  • Sequencing: Doing steps in a specific order.
  • Selection: Making decisions (e.g., if-else statements).
  • Iteration: Repeating steps (e.g., loops).

Examples:

  • Simple Algorithm: Making a sandwich:
    1. Take two slices of bread.
    2. Spread peanut butter on one slice.
    3. Spread jelly on the other slice.
    4. Put the slices together.
  • Programming Example: A program to find the largest number in a list:
    1. Start with the first number as the largest.
    2. Compare each number in the list to the largest.
    3. If a number is larger, it becomes the largest.
    4. Continue until all numbers are checked.

Programming 

Programming Languages:

  • Python:
    • A popular, easy-to-learn language known for its readability and versatility.
    • Basic Syntax:

      print("Hello, World!")

    • Uses: Web development, data analysis, automation and more.

 

  • Scratch:
    • A visual programming language for beginners that uses blocks to create code.
    • Basic Concepts:
      • Sprites: Characters or objects in Scratch.
      • Scripts: Sequences of blocks that tell the sprites what to do.
    • Example: Making a sprite move 10 steps forward:
      • Drag and snap together blocks to create the sequence.

Why Learn Programming?

  • Problem-Solving Skills: Coding teaches you to think logically and solve problems.
  • Creativity: Allows you to create games, stories, and animations.
  • Career Opportunities: Many future job opportunities require programming skills.