Algorithms and Programming

What are Algorithms?

  • Step-by-step instructions that tell a computer or person how to solve a problem or complete a task.
  • Understanding why algorithms are crucial for problem-solving and efficiency in computing.
 Algorithm Design
  • Pseudocode: Writing algorithms in pseudocode to outline logic without syntax concerns.
  • Flowcharts: Visual representations of algorithms to map out steps and decision points.
  • Decomposition: Breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts or sub-problems.
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    Common Algorithms:
  • Searching Algorithms:
    • Linear Search: A simple search method that checks each element in a list sequentially.
    • Binary Search: An efficient search method for sorted lists that repeatedly divides the search interval in half.
  • Sorting Algorithms:
    • Bubble Sort: A basic sorting method that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if necessary.
    • Insertion Sort: A simple sorting method that builds the final sorted array one item at a time.
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    Algorithm Implementation:
  • Practice: Writing and implementing algorithms in a chosen programming language.
  • Testing and Debugging: Ensuring algorithms work correctly through thorough testing and debugging.
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    What is programming?

    • Process of writing instructions for a computer to follow.
    • These instructions, written in a special language called a programming language, tell the computer how to perform tasks and solve problems.
    • By using programming, you can create software, websites, games and more.
    Programming Fundamentals:
  • Variables: Declaration, initialisation and scope.
  • Data Types: Understanding and using different data types like integers, floats, strings and booleans.
  • Operators: Arithmetic, relational, logical and assignment operators.
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    Control Structures:
  • Conditional Statements: If, else-if, else structures for decision making.
  • Loops: For loops, while loops, and nested loops for repetitive tasks.
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    Data Structures:
  • Arrays: Single-dimensional arrays for storing collections of data.
  • Lists: Dynamic data structures that can grow and shrink in size.
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    Functions and Procedures:
  • Defining Functions: Creating reusable blocks of code with parameters and return values.
  • Procedures: Similar to functions but do not return a value.
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    Input and Output:
  • User Input: Reading data from users.
  • File I/O: Reading from and writing to files.
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    Error Handling:
  • Types of Errors: Syntax errors, runtime errors and logic errors.
  • Debugging Techniques: Using print statements, breakpoints and debuggers to find and fix errors.
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